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Overview·Kantei·Designations·Provenance·Blade Forms·Signatures·Lineage·School
OverviewKanteiDesignationsProvenanceBlade FormsSignaturesLineageSchool
  1. Schools
  2. Senoo
  3. Masatsune

Senoo Masatsune

正恒

Tokujū
Vol. 12, No. 40 · Tachi

Senoo Masatsune

正恒

14 ranked works

ProvinceBitchuEraGenryaku (1184–1185)PeriodKamakuraSchoolSenooTraditionBizen-denGeneration1stFujishiroSai-jo saku(Supreme Work)Toko Taikan2,500(top 1%)TypeSwordsmithCodeMAS1223
1Kokuhō
5Jūyō Bijutsuhin
3Tokubetsu Jūyō5Jūyō Tōken

Overview

The published sources open his record with the old texts: the Genki Mekikisho and the Kokon Meizukushi divide the swordsmiths of into the smiths and the Senoo smiths, and where the line customarily carries the character tsugu (次) in its signatures, the Senoo line, derived from the founder Noritaka, does not use it. Masatsune is the representative smith of this Senoo group, active from the end of the period into the early period. The forge stood on the lower reaches of the Takahashi river, east of the site and toward , a place one paper records as opened by the Taira retainer Senoo Taro Kaneyasu, and the cites this geography, together with the likeness of the work itself, to explain the cast of his manner. The smiths around him, Koreshige, Yasuie, Hirotsune, Tsunezane, Moritsune and Yukizane, survive almost nowhere, so the Senoo school is known today essentially through his blades; of those, the sources note, the surviving examples "are not particularly few" (遺例も少なくない). The older papers filed the very man as the Masatsune, and only the more recent designations title him Senoo, a shift in filing that is itself part of his scholarship.

His keep the grace of their era. Blade after blade is described as slender, deeply curved at the and closing in a small , "a classical and elegant that does not descend below the early period" (鎌倉時代初期を下らぬ古典的で優美な太刀姿). Over this form runs a in shallow , mixing , and . and enter well, and fine attaches overall. In places the edge frays into , with and working through. The continues into a , or finishes near , lightly brushed with . He signs only the large two character , cut with a thickish chisel, and the published record notes as a peculiarity of the name that examples exist with the characters on the and on the both ways. Twelve signed blades stand on his record, and the published sources repeatedly mark the signed state itself as "precious as research material" (在銘である点も資料的に貴重).

The is where his province declares itself. The forging is to itame with mixed in, thick in , with fine entering; appears, and at its fullest the takes on the crepe-like quality the sources call , over which a faint can stand. The states the marks of his country as a formula: "the presents a texture, appears, and the become , and in these points the marks of the smiths are shown" (地がねが縮緬肌状を呈し、地斑があらわれ、鑢目が大筋違になる点に備中鍛冶の見どころを示している). The temper of the whole nevertheless leans east. The old transmission texts already record of the Senoo work that it "resembles things" (備前物に似タリ), more in spirit than the mainline, and the Bijutsuhin compiler, before a deep with , finds the man himself in the crowding of the temper: "the enter thickly, showing this smith's character well" (沸足繁く入り、同工の特色をよく示している).

The scholarship around the name is layered. The signatures vary enough that, the published sources repeat, the name does not appear "limited to a single smith" (同名一人に限らないようであり), and some connection with the Masatsune of neighboring is suspected from geography and style alike, a question the expressly leaves open for further study. The filing itself has moved with the scholarship: the designations of the 1960s through the 1980s title his blades , those from the 1990s onward and then Senoo, as the school's separate identity firmed. One case shows the old connoisseurship crossing the line between the two names. To a of his, "in Genbun 5 Koyu appended an attributing it to Masatsune" (元文五年には本阿弥光勇が備前正恒の折紙を添えている); examined today, the writes, the is "a state close to the so-called , with mixed in" (地斑の交じった所謂縮緬肌に近い態) and the original are clearly , so that "it is appropriate to judge it as the Masatsune of the Senoo line" (備中妹尾系の正恒と鑑するのが妥当). A , for the rest, is an exception in his work: the Bijutsuhin text remarks of the single carrying a that this is "rare for Masatsune" (正恒には珍らしい).

The heart of his connoisseurship is the namesake problem, two smiths called Masatsune working at almost the time in adjoining provinces. The published sources state it without evasion. Blade after blade is introduced as showing "at first sight a workmanship closely approaching Masatsune" (一見古備前正恒に近接した出来口); next to the contemporary pieces, they concede, many of his works carry "a somewhat more austere flavor" (幾分渋味の感ぜられるものが多い), while "among them are examples that leave almost nothing to choose" (中には殆ど択ぶところのない作例もある). Style alone, in other words, does not decide between the two, and the decision rests on his own marks. The texts give the rule plainly: "compared with , most show a slightly subdued, and a that stands somewhat is general" (多くは古備前に比しては匂口がやや沈みごころで、肌目の立つものが一般的), and there, they write, the slight individuality of work shows. To this the adds the -laden, -like quality of his , and the adds the decisive mark, an original unmistakably , the very point on which the set aside the old Honami .

Fourteen designated works stand on record, among them three and five blades together with five Bijutsuhin. Fujishiro rates him Sai-jo , and the Toko Taikan sets his value at 2,500. Seven of his blades carry recorded provenance. One is recorded as the sword worn by the Sengoku general Satake Yoshishige, passing in the later period to the Kikkawa, a bakufu retainer house, and a with folded back signature descended in the Date house of Sendai. His designated blades sit in the , and Bijutsuhin tiers, so the record is not closed to private hands, and of recorded whereabouts his blades rest almost entirely in private collections; even so, one comes to market only rarely. What a collector may realistically encounter is a signed two character of the end of or the opening of , of the kind the judged "an unmistakably archaic piece, its and carrying a moist quality, of high dignity" (地刃に潤いを感じさせるいかにも古調な一口で格調が高く), and the appearance of one is an uncommon event.

Kantei

one Senoo manner read against the Ko-Bizen mirror: the hamon axis (suguha-based ko-midare with ashi and yo, suguha 88 percent here against 67 for the Ko-Bizen namesake, ko-midare 75 against 86) is shared almost term for term, so the style alone cannot separate the two Masatsune; the separation lives in the ji (jifu and the chirimen-like hada), the nakago (o-sujikai original yasurime), and the slightly subdued nioiguchi

Masatsune is the representative smith of the Senoo kaji of , the branch the records derive from the founder Noritaka, working from the end of into early ; the older papers file the man as the Masatsune, and the signatures vary enough that the name was probably carried by more than one smith. His keep the classic slender, deeply with a small . The is to with moku mixed in, thick in with fine , and appears until the ground approaches the ; a faint can stand. The is a base in shallow , , and mixing, and entering well, attaching with , and ; the runs to or near , lightly brushed. He signs only the large two character , cut with a thick chisel on the or the both ways. The whole reads at first sight like Masatsune, his namesake and the standing problem of this name; the papers take it back to on the -laden ground, the unmistakably original , and a slightly subdued .

Diagnostic discriminators

unique vs Masatsune (Ko-Bizen)

50% of his works · 14.3× vs Masatsune (Ko-Bizen)

the judges' own qualitative contrast, stated on both Tokuju blades and as the school rule: most works run slightly subdued in the nioiguchi and the hada stands a little, and there the slight Bitchu individuality shows

Observation by phase

The Senoo manner (the one manner of the corpus)

A slender, deeply with a small carries an to ground with moku mixed in, thick , fine and the of the smiths, at times standing somewhat and at times raising a faint or . On it runs a in shallow with , and mixed, and entering well, attaching, at the edge, and working through; the is , or near , with a light . Twelve of the sixteen records are signed with the two character .

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子
Scholarship

The Muromachi sources, the Genki Mekikisho and the Kokon Meizukushi, divide the Bitchu smiths into the Aoe mainline, whose names as a rule carry the character Tsugu, and the Senoo kaji descended from Noritaka, who do not use it.

The signatures vary enough that the name does not seem limited to one smith, and the papers repeatedly suspect some connection with the Ko-Bizen Masatsune, a question they expressly leave open for further study.

The Senoo forge stood on the lower reaches of the Takahashi river, east of the Aoe site and toward Bizen; one paper adds that the place was opened by the Taira retainer Senoo Taro Kaneyasu. The judges cite this geography, with the stylistic likeness, to explain why his work leans Bizen.

One tachi carries a Genbun era origami of Honami Koyu attributing it to the Bizen Masatsune; the NBTHK, reading the jifu-mixed, chirimen-like jigane and the clearly o-sujikai original yasurime, re-settles it on the Bitchu Senoo Masatsune, the cleanest recorded case of the two names crossing.

He signs only the two character mei, cut large with a thickish chisel; the Senoo smiths, unlike the Aoe, mostly sign tachi-mei, but Masatsune is recorded cutting it on the haki-omote and the haki-ura both ways.

A hi is rare on his blades, rare enough that the Juyo Bijutsuhin compiler remarks on the one tachi that carries it.

Designations

Kokuhō1
Jūyō Bunkazai—
Jūyō Bijutsuhin5
Gyobutsu—
Tokubetsu Jūyō3
Jūyō Tōken5

Elite Standing

0.66 across 14 designated works

Top 4% among smiths

Provenance

8 documented provenances across certified works by Masatsune

Provenance Standing

4 works held in elite collections across 8 documented provenances

Top 22% among smiths

Raw score: 2.05 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 14 ranked works

Katana
214%

Signatures

Signature types across 14 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

Masatsune
Students (2)
  1. 1.Moritsune守恒2designated
  2. 2.Munetada宗忠1designated

Senoo School

Other artisans of the Senoo school

  1. 1.Yukizane行眞4designated
  2. 2.Sukezane助眞3designated
  3. 3.Yasumitsu安光1designated
  4. 4.Munetada宗忠1designated
  5. 5.Yasuie安家2designated
  6. 6.Noritaka則高2designated
  7. 7.Kaneyasu包安1designated
  8. 8.Noritsune則恒1designated
  9. 9.Noritsune則常1designated
  10. 10.Tokizane時眞1designated
  11. 11.Yukikuni行國1designated
  12. 12.Moritsune守恒2designated

Masatsune

Masatsune(正恒) was a Japanese swordsmith of the Senoo school in Bitchu province, active during the Genryaku (1184-1185) period.

The work follows the Bizen-den tradition.

Designated works by Masatsune include 1 Kokuhō (National Treasure), 3 Tokubetsu Jūyō, 5 Jūyō.