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  4. Kuninaga

Gojo Kuninaga

国永

Jūyō
Vol. 31, No. 1 · Ken

Gojo Kuninaga

国永

9 ranked works

ProvinceYamashiroEraLate HeianPeriodHeianSchoolGojo/Sanjo>GojoTraditionYamashiro-denTypeSwordsmithCodeKUN800
1Jūyō Bunkazai
3Jūyō Bijutsuhin
5Jūyō Tōken

Overview

Kuninaga worked at Gojo in Kyoto at the close of the period and into the early , and the published sources count him among the first rank of the old Kyoto makers: "Kuninaga is one of the representative smiths of the ko-Kyomono" (国永は古京物を代表する鍛冶の一人). He is transmitted as a son or grandson of Munechika, and because he and Kanenaga, given variously as his elder brother or his father, both lived in the Gojo quarter, he is known to the world as Gojo Kuninaga. The most famous blade to carry his name is the Imperial treasure Tsurumaru Kuninaga, and the notes that his signatures are not uniform, yet a whose differs from that treasure and from the Jingu Important Cultural Property can still be acknowledged as the hand. Signed work is exceedingly scarce, only a few and a single , and the published sources say of them all that they "display an archaic elegance and a richly resonant character" (いずれも古雅で味わい深い作風を示している).

The character of his hand is a quiet one, an old Kyoto temper set over a refined rather than a flamboyant edge. His finest signed keep the slender, graceful -buri form, the curvature high at the waist and easing toward a small , the old shape preserved even where the blade has been shortened. Over a well-packed , standing a little in places and mixed with and , he tempers a soft, bright on a -toned base, drawing in and with and well entered. Where the later schools would raise a towering clove-flower, his line stays small and antique, the soft and the well adhered, with fine and and, along the crests of the temper, and small .

The is the constant. Fine settles in minute, even across the surface, delicate enter, and in places a faint stands, the bright reflection of well-forged Kyoto steel and a Yamashiro feature of his hand. On the most powerful of the attributed the forging flows and stands more openly, the lying thick, and the shows clearly in parts so that the steel reads bright. The runs straight or into a slight , well swept with , the tip pointed and turning back, on one signed a little longer on the face; on the signed it finishes .

His record divides cleanly into two readings. The signed and are the standard against which he is judged, and the calls one such extremely valuable for understanding the style of a smith "whose signed works are exceedingly rare." The other face is the attributed to him as mainstream old-Kyoto work. On one the published sources read a "strong Yamato character, yet with the lingering manner of Munechika present" (大和風が強くみられるが、宗近の遺風もあり) and a slightly later period; on another, of standard width and thick and heavy in hand, a base mixes , , and angular , with , and -like and, in parts, a -like edge, of which the sources say it "clearly demonstrates the distinctive traits of Gojo Kuninaga in both and " (地刃に五條国永の特徴を明示している).

What sets him apart is exactly this old-Kyoto poise. His bright, soft on a base, the faint and the well-ordered Kyoto that predominates on his strongest blade, stand before the elaborate work of the mid- schools rather than within it, his line kept small and antique. The published sources find the highlights of the old Kyoto style conspicuous on his work and the whole "unmistakably graceful" (古京物の見どころが顕著でいかにも典雅), the antique contained within a refined line that has strength without roughness, the skill of a master craftsman. With Kanenaga he stands at the head of the Gojo line, the quiet root of Yamashiro work from which the manner of Munechika is carried forward.

For the collector he is among the rarest of the early Kyoto names. He has no National Treasures on our rolls; his record runs instead through one Important Cultural Property, the signed the published sources call exceptionally sound for a piece of its period (この期のものとしては極めて健全), and a small handful of , alongside the prewar Bijutsuhin. His blades are held in long-standing public and private hands grounded in their own provenance: a preserved at Jingu, pieces transmitted through the Date house and once held by Date Muneaki, and provenance reaching to Oda Nobunaga and to the Meiji Emperor. Only a few fall in the tier, so a signed Gojo Kuninaga comes to light only seldom; a privately held example is among the most notable things an early-Kyoto collector could encounter, a document of how Yamashiro work began.

Kantei

two readings of one ko-Kyomono Gojo hand: the scarce signed tachi and ken, archaic and elegant on a fine ko-itame and faint nie-utsuri with a soft, bright ko-midare, set against the o-suriage mumei katana attributed to him as mainstream old-Kyoto work, stronger in Yamato character yet keeping the lingering manner of Munechika

Kuninaga is counted among the representative smiths of the old Kyoto makers, the ko-Kyomono, working at the end of the and into the early period. The published sources transmit him as a son or grandson of Munechika, and because he and Kanenaga, said to be his elder brother or father, both lived at Gojo in Kyoto, he is known as Gojo Kuninaga; the most famous work to carry his name is the Imperial treasure Tsurumaru Kuninaga. Signed pieces are exceedingly scarce, only a few and a single , all archaic and resonant in manner. His ground is a refined with and mixed in, fine evenly settled and delicate entering, in places a faint . Over it the temper is a soft, bright on a base, with and , and well in, deep and , fine and , with and small along the crests. The runs straight or into a slight , well swept with , finishing or in a small pointed return. The published sources call his attributed strong in Yamato character while retaining the lingering manner of Munechika.

Diagnostic discriminators

unique vs Bizen-school baseline (midare-utsuri, not nie-utsuri)

Observation by phase

The signed tachi and ken (his recognized prime)

His firmest record is the small handful of signed pieces, all archaic and deeply resonant. The are slender, of graceful -buri form, with a high that eases toward the point and a , the old-style shape preserved even where shortened. The ground is a well-packed , slightly standing in places, with and mixed in, fine settling and delicate entering, a faint standing. The temper is a soft, bright with and , entering, the soft, well adhering, fine running, with and small appearing intermittently along the crests and small here and there. The runs into a slight , well swept with , the tip pointed and turning back, the return a little longer. The signed is in double- construction, dignified and compact, an with a flowing tendency slightly standing, the temper -toned with and well-worked , and , the . The published sources call these archaic, elegant and forceful without being rough, the skill of a master craftsman, and exceedingly valuable for knowing his hand.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

The o-suriage mumei attributions (mainstream ko-Kyomono)

The other face of his record is the attributed to him as mainstream old-Kyoto work. One is slender with a high curvature and the tip dipping slightly, a , over a with , and , a in a -based manner with strongly applied, a slight , and , the straight into a small round with ; the published sources read its strong Yamato character together with the lingering manner of Munechika, the period a little later, and call it sound and well-preserved in both and . Another, of standard width and thick , heavy in hand, shows a flowing standing out, dense blanketing the surface with and a standing in places, the steel bright, over which a base mixes , , and angular , with abundant and , a tight-then-bright , , , and -like , frequent and , in parts -like, a carved through. The published sources hold these to demonstrate the distinctive traits of Gojo Kuninaga in both and , an old contained within the well-ordered typical of Kyoto work.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子
Scholarship

The published sources record that the signatures of Gojo Kuninaga are not uniform, and that although a given tachi mei may differ from those on the Imperial treasure and the Ise Jingu Important Cultural Property tachi, it can nonetheless be acknowledged as the same hand; on one prewar entry Honma cautioned that, while three such pieces are close in date, it is difficult to state definitively that they are the same workmanship.

On the o-suriage mumei attributions the published sources affirm them as ko-Kyomono work, reading a strong Yamato character together with the lingering manner of Munechika and a slightly later period, while on the most powerful mumei katana they hold that both ji and ha clearly demonstrate the distinctive traits of Gojo Kuninaga.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai1
Jūyō Bijutsuhin3
Gyobutsu—
Tokubetsu Jūyō—
Jūyō Tōken5

Elite Standing

0.23 across 9 designated works

Top 10% among smiths

Provenance

11 documented provenances across certified works by Kuninaga

Provenance Standing

7 works held in elite collections across 11 documented provenances

Top 14% among smiths

Raw score: 2.27 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 9 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 9 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

Kuninaga
Student
  1. 1.Kanenaga兼永12designated

Gojo School

Other artisans of the Gojo school

  1. 1.Kanenaga兼永12designated

Kuninaga

Kuninaga(国永) was a Japanese swordsmith of the Gojo school in Yamashiro province, active during the Late Heian period.

The work follows the Yamashiro-den tradition.

Designated works by Kuninaga include 1 Jūyō Bunkazai (Important Cultural Property), 5 Jūyō.